Tool checklist: Excel for forecasting, simple regression for trend, share-of-voice tracking.
The primary route of elimination is the kidney.
Renal Excretion Processes:
Clearance (Cl): Volume of blood cleared of drug per unit time. Total body clearance Cl_total = Cl_renal + Cl_hepatic + Cl_other. pharma dbm notes 5th sem top
Important: Creatinine clearance (CrCl) to adjust doses in renal failure (Cockcroft-Gault equation).
Data models define how the logical structure of a database is created.
Key study note: Map marketing mix decisions to regulatory limits (e.g., sample distribution, promotional claims). Tool checklist: Excel for forecasting, simple regression for
Why metabolism? To convert lipophilic drugs into polar, excretable metabolites.
| Phase | Type of Reaction | Enzymes | Example | |-------|----------------|---------|---------| | Phase I | Functionalization (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis) | Cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4, CYP2D6) | Phenytoin hydroxylation | | Phase II | Conjugation (glucuronidation, sulfation, acetylation) | Transferases | Paracetamol glucuronide |
Critical CYP450 Topics:
First-pass effect (Pre-systemic metabolism): High for propranolol, morphine, nitroglycerin. Avoid by IV, sublingual, or transdermal routes.
Ethics reminder: ensure claims are evidence-based and substantiated.