The tension reaches its breaking point when the tsotsis physically throw the man off the moving train.
In a terrifying moment of clarity, the man realises he is going to die. He is no longer a "man in a brown suit"; he is just a body flying through the air. However, Themba injects a twist of dark fate. The man survives the fall, tumbling into the grass by the tracks.
Lying there, battered and humiliated, he comes to a profound realisation. He realises that his obsession with "dignity" and the suit almost cost him his life. He sheds his respectability and embraces his survival.
The Dube Train: Can Themba’s Masterclass in Social Tension
Can Themba’s "The Dube Train" remains one of the most searing indictments of life under South African apartheid. Published during the 1950s—the heyday of the "Drum Generation"—this short story transcends simple reportage. It is a claustrophobic, visceral exploration of how systemic oppression erodes human empathy and creates a "pressure cooker" environment where violence becomes an inevitable language. The Setting: A Microcosm of Apartheid
The story is set entirely within a third-class train carriage commuting from Dube to Johannesburg. In Themba’s hands, the train is not just transportation; it is a moving prison. The "foul air," the "sweaty bodies," and the "metallic clangor" of the tracks create a sensory experience of degradation.
By trapping his characters in this cramped space, Themba creates a microcosm of the township experience. The passengers are physically compressed, reflecting the way apartheid laws compressed their legal rights and human dignity. The Plot: A Study in Apathy and Violence Dube Train Short Story By Can Themba
The narrative follows an unnamed narrator who observes his fellow commuters with a mix of weariness and detachment. The central conflict ignites when a "tsotsi" (a young thug) begins to harass and eventually assault a young girl in the crowded carriage.
What makes "The Dube Train" so haunting isn't just the thug’s cruelty, but the passivity of the crowd. For the majority of the story, the men in the carriage look away. They are paralyzed by a combination of fear and a "shriveling of the soul" caused by their daily struggle for survival.
This silence is eventually broken by a "big man"—a silent, hulking figure who finally intervenes. The ensuing violence is not heroic in a traditional sense; it is brutal, messy, and leaves the narrator feeling more hollow than before. Key Themes 1. The Death of Chivalry and Ubuntu
Themba highlights the erosion of Ubuntu (humanity toward others). The fact that a girl can be assaulted in a room full of men suggests that the "manhood" of the oppressed has been castrated by the state. The narrator’s own internal monologue reveals a deep-seated cynicism about his community’s ability to protect its own. 2. The Language of Violence
In a world where the law is an instrument of the oppressor, the characters have no recourse to justice. When the "big man" confronts the tsotsi, he doesn't use words; he uses a knife. Themba suggests that when people are denied a voice, violence becomes the only remaining form of communication. 3. Urban Alienation
Themba was a master of capturing the "New African" identity—urban, sophisticated, yet perpetually on the edge of disaster. The train represents the grind of capitalism and the alienation of the black worker, forced to travel long distances to serve a city that doesn't want them after dark. Literary Style: The "Drum" Aesthetic The tension reaches its breaking point when the
Themba’s prose is characterized by its "township English"—a blend of high literary allusion and gritty, street-level realism. His descriptions are sharp and unsentimental. He doesn't moralize from a distance; he puts the reader in the seat next to the narrator, making us feel the vibration of the floorboards and the chill of the morning air. The Legacy of "The Dube Train"
Decades after its publication, "The Dube Train" is still studied for its psychological depth. It serves as a reminder that the greatest damage caused by oppressive systems is often internal. It asks a question that remains relevant today: What happens to a society when it loses the courage to be its brother’s keeper?
Can Themba’s work remains a cornerstone of African literature, providing a window into a specific historical moment while speaking to universal truths about fear, courage, and the human condition.
Here’s a write-up for Can Themba’s short story "The Dube Train" (often referenced as Dube Train), suitable for a literary blog, study guide, or review.
The story is deceptively simple. It follows the morning commute of working-class Black South Africans traveling from Dube (a township in Soweto) to Johannesburg. The protagonist, unnamed but representative, boards a train already bursting at the seams.
The journey is a brutal ritual:
Themba wasn’t just writing a gritty slice of life. “The Dube Train” is a psychological autopsy of the apartheid system.
1. The Train as a Prison The overcrowded “third class” carriages (the only ones Black people could use) are a metaphor for the Bantustans and townships—overcrowded reserves designed to control Black movement. No one is on that train by choice. They are forced to travel insane distances because the law forbids them from living near their workplaces.
2. The Cannibalism of the Oppressed The most chilling element is the crowd’s reaction to the fight. Instead of stopping the violence, they egg it on. Themba suggests that when a system denies you all dignity, you turn on the person next to you. The oppressed eat their own. It’s not a moral failing, but a logical outcome of dehumanization.
3. The Mask of Civilization The story’s tragic punchline is the ending. The same man who was biting, clawing, and cursing on the train enters the city and becomes a humble servant. Themba shows that apartheid didn’t create “savages”—it created actors. Black men had to perform non-threatening docility by day, while the rage festered in the pre-dawn trains.
Tragically, Can Themba died young (in 1968, exiled in Swaziland), a victim of the very system he exposed, succumbing to alcoholism and a broken spirit. However, "The Dube Train" outlived him.
For modern readers, this story serves as: The story is deceptively simple