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Servlet 2.3: New features exposed
A full update on the latest Servlet API spec

(Originally published in JavaWorld, January 2001)

Summary
In October 2000, Sun released the "Proposed Final Draft" specification for Servlet API 2.3. This article explains the differences between Servlet API 2.2 and 2.3, discusses the reasons for the changes, and shows you how to write servlets (and now filters!) using 2.3. (4,000 words)

By Jason Hunter

On Oct. 20, 2000, Sun Microsystems published the "Proposed Final Draft" of the Servlet API 2.3 specification. (See Resources for a link to the formal specification.) Although the spec was published by Sun, Servlet API 2.3 was actually developed by the many individuals and companies working on the JSR-053 expert group, in accordance with the Java Community Process (JCP) 2.0. Danny Coward of Sun Microsystems led the servlet expert group.

The specification is not quite finished; the Proposed Final Draft is one step away from a formal Final Release, and technical details are still subject to change. However, those changes should not be significant -- in fact, server vendors have already begun to implement the new features. That means now is a good time to start learning about what's coming in Servlet API 2.3.

In this article, I will describe in detail everything that changed between API 2.2 and API 2.3. I will also explain the reasons for the changes and demonstrate how to write servlets using the new features. To keep the article focused, I will assume you're familiar with the classes and methods of previous versions of the Servlet API. If you're not, you can peruse the Resources section for links to sites (and my new book!) that will help get you up to speed.

Servlet API 2.3 actually leaves the core of servlets relatively untouched, which indicates that servlets have reached a high level of maturity. Most of the action has involved adding new features outside the core. Among the changes:

  • Servlets now require JDK 1.2 or later
  • A filter mechanism has been created (finally!)
  • Application lifecycle events have been added
  • New internationalization support has been added
  • The technique to express inter-JAR dependencies has been formalized
  • Rules for class loading have been clarified
  • New error and security attributes have been added
  • The HttpUtils class has been deprecated
  • Various new helpful methods have been added
  • Several DTD behaviors have been expanded and clarified

Other clarifications have been made, but they mostly concern server vendors, not general servlet programmers (except for the fact that programmers will see improved portability), so I'll omit those details.

Before I begin my examination, let me point out that version 2.3 has been released as a draft specification only. Most of the features discussed here won't yet work with all servers. If you want to test those features, I recommend downloading the official reference implementation server, Apache Tomcat 4.0. It's open source, and you can download the server for free. Tomcat 4.0 is currently in beta release; its support for API 2.3 is getting better, but is still incomplete. Read the NEW_SPECS.txt file that comes with Tomcat 4.0 to learn its level of support for all new specification features. (See Resources for more information on Tomcat.)

Servlets in J2SE and J2EE
One of the first things you should note about Servlet API 2.3 is that servlets now depend on the Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition 1.2 (also known as J2SE 1.2 or JDK 1.2). This small, but important, change means you can now use J2SE 1.2 features in your servlets and be guaranteed that the servlets will work across all servlet containers. Previously, you could use J2SE 1.2 features, but servers were not required to support them.

The Servlet API 2.3 is slated to become a core part of Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition 1.3 (J2EE 1.3). The previous version, Servlet API 2.2, was part of J2EE 1.2. The only noticeable difference is the addition of a few relatively obscure J2EE-related deployment descriptor tags in the web.xml DTD: <resource-env-ref> to support "administered objects," such as those required by the Java Messaging System (JMS); <res-ref-sharing-scope> to allow either shared or exclusive access to a resource reference; and <run-as> to specify the security identity of a caller to an EJB. Most servlet authors need not concern themselves with those J2EE tags; you can get a full description from the J2EE 1.3 specification.

Filters
The most significant part of API 2.3 is the addition of filters -- objects that can transform a request or modify a response. Filters are not servlets; they do not actually create a response. They are preprocessors of the request before it reaches a servlet, and/or postprocessors of the response leaving a servlet. In a sense, filters are a mature version of the old "servlet chaining" concept. A filter can:

  • Intercept a servlet's invocation before the servlet is called
  • Examine a request before a servlet is called
  • Modify the request headers and request data by providing a customized version of the request object that wraps the real request
  • Modify the response headers and response data by providing a customized version of the response object that wraps the real response
  • Intercept a servlet's invocation after the servlet is called

You can configure a filter to act on a servlet or group of servlets; that servlet or group can be filtered by zero or more filters. Practical filter ideas include authentication filters, logging and auditing filters, image conversion filters, data compression filters, encryption filters, tokenizing filters, filters that trigger resource access events, XSLT filters that transform XML content, or MIME-type chain filters (just like servlet chaining).

A filter implements javax.servlet.Filter and defines its three methods:

  • void setFilterConfig(FilterConfig config): Sets the filter's configuration object
  • FilterConfig getFilterConfig(): Returns the filter's configuration object
  • void doFilter(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res, FilterChain chain): Performs the actual filtering work

The server calls setFilterConfig() once to prepare the filter for service, then calls doFilter() any number of times for various requests. The FilterConfig interface has methods to retrieve the filter's name, its init parameters, and the active servlet context. The server passes null to setFilterConfig() to indicate that the filter is being taken out of service.

Each filter receives in its doFilter() method the current request and response, as well as a FilterChain containing the filters that still must be processed. In the doFilter() method, a filter may do what it wants with the request and response. (It could gather data by calling their methods, or wrap the objects to give them new behavior, as discussed below.) The filter then calls chain.doFilter() to transfer control to the next filter. When that call returns, a filter can, at the end of its own doFilter() method, perform additional work on the response; for instance, it can log information about the response. If the filter wants to halt the request processing and gain full control of the response, it can intentionally not call the next filter.

A filter may wrap the request and/or response objects to provide custom behavior, changing certain method call implementation to influence later request handling actions. API 2.3 provides new HttpServletRequestWrapper and HttpServletResponseWrapper classes to help with this; they provide default implementations of all request and response methods, and delegate the calls to the original request or response by default. That means changing one method's behavior requires just extending the wrapper and reimplementing one method. Wrappers give filters great control over the request-handling and response-generating process. The code for a simple logging filter that records the duration of all requests is shown below:

public class LogFilter implements Filter {
  FilterConfig config;

  public void setFilterConfig(FilterConfig config) {
    this.config = config;
  }

  public FilterConfig getFilterConfig() {
    return config;
  }

  public void doFilter(ServletRequest req,
                       ServletResponse res,
                       FilterChain chain) {
    ServletContext context = getFilterConfig().getServletContext();
    long bef = System.currentTimeMillis();
    chain.doFilter(req, res);  // no chain parameter needed here
    long aft = System.currentTimeMillis();
    context.log("Request to " + req.getRequestURI() + ": " + (aft-bef));
  }
}

When the server calls setFilterConfig(), the filter saves a reference to the config in its config variable, which is later used in the doFilter() method to retrieve the ServletContext. The logic in doFilter() is simple; time how long request handling takes and log the time once processing has completed. To use this filter, you must declare it in the web.xml deployment descriptor using the <filter> tag, as shown below:

<filter>
  <filter-name>
    log
  </filter-name>
  <filter-class>
    LogFilter
  </filter-class>
</filter>

This tells the server a filter named log is implemented in the LogFilter class. You can apply a registered filter to certain URL patterns or servlet names using the <filter-mapping> tag:

<filter-mapping>
  <filter-name>log</filter-name>
  <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>

This configures the filter to operate on all requests to the server (static or dynamic), just what we want for our logging filter. If you connect to a simple page, the log output might look like this:

Request to /index.jsp: 10

Lifecycle events
Servlet API 2.3's second most significant change is the addition of application lifecycle events, which let "listener" objects be notified when servlet contexts and sessions are initialized and destroyed, as well as when attributes are added or removed from a context or session.

Servlet lifecycle events work like Swing events. Any listener interested in observing the ServletContext lifecycle can implement the ServletContextListener interface. The interface has two methods:

  • void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent e): Called when a Web application is first ready to process requests (i.e. on Web server startup and when a context is added or reloaded). Requests will not be handled until this method returns.
  • void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent e): Called when a Web application is about to be shut down (i.e. on Web server shutdown or when a context is removed or reloaded). Request handling will be stopped before this method is called.

The ServletContextEvent class passed to those methods has only a getServletContext() method that returns the context being initialized or destroyed.

A listener interested in observing the ServletContext attribute lifecycle can implement the ServletContextAttributesListener interface, which has three methods:

  • void attributeAdded(ServletContextAttributeEvent e): Called when an attribute is added to a servlet context
  • void attributeRemoved(ServletContextAttributeEvent e): Called when an attribute is removed from a servlet context
  • void attributeReplaced(ServletContextAttributeEvent e): Called when an attribute is replaced by another attribute in a servlet context

The ServletContextAttributeEvent class extends ServletContextEvent, and adds getName() and getValue() methods so the listener can learn about the attribute being changed. That is useful because Web applications that need to synchronize application state (context attributes) with something like a database can now do it in one place.

The session listener model is similar to the context listener model. In the session model, there's an HttpSessionListener interface with two methods:

  • void sessionCreated(HttpSessionEvent e): Called when a session is created
  • void sessionDestroyed(HttpSessionEvent e): Called when a session is destroyed (invalidated)

The methods accept an HttpSessionEvent instance with a getSession() method to return the session being created or destroyed. You can use all these methods when implementing an admin interface that keeps track of all active users in a Web application.

The session model also has an HttpSessionAttributesListener interface with three methods. Those methods tell the listener when attributes change, and could be used, for example, by an application that synchronizes profile data held in sessions into a database:

  • void attributeAdded(HttpSessionBindingEvent e): Called when an attribute is added to a session
  • void attributeRemoved(HttpSessionBindingEvent e): Called when an attribute is removed from a session
  • void attributeReplaced(HttpSessionBindingEvent e): Called when an attribute replaces another attribute in a session

As you might expect, the HttpSessionBindingEvent class extends HttpSessionEvent and adds getName() and getValue() methods. The only somewhat abnormal thing is that the event class is named HttpSessionBindingEvent, not HttpSessionAttributeEvent. That's for legacy reasons; the API already had an HttpSessionBindingEvent class, so it was reused. This confusing aspect of the API may be ironed out before final release.

A possible practical use of lifecycle events is a shared database connection managed by a context listener. You declare the listener in the web.xml as follows:

<listener>
  <listener-class>
    com.acme.MyConnectionManager
  </listener-class>
</listener>

The server creates an instance of the listener class to receive events and uses introspection to determine what listener interface (or interfaces) the class implements. Bear in mind that because the listener is configured in the deployment descriptor, you can add new listeners without any code change. You could write the listener itself as something like this:

public class MyConnectionManager implements ServletContextListener {

  public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent e) {
    Connection con = // create connection
    e.getServletContext().setAttribute("con", con);
  }

  public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent e) {
    Connection con = (Connection) e.getServletContext().getAttribute("con");
    try { con.close(); } catch (SQLException ignored) { } // close connection
  }
}

This listener ensures that a database connection is available in every new servlet context, and that all connections are closed when the context shuts down.

The HttpSessionActivationListener interface, another new listener interface in API 2.3, is designed to handle sessions that migrate from one server to another. A listener implementing HttpSessionActivationListener is notified when any session is about to passivate (move) and when the session is about to activate (become live) on the second host. These methods give an application the chance to persist nonserializable data across JVMs, or to glue or unglue serialized objects back into some kind of object model before or after migration. The interface has two methods:

  • void sessionWillPassivate(HttpSessionEvent e): The session is about to passivate. The session will already be out of service when this call is made.
  • void sessionDidActivate(HttpSessionEvent e): The session has been activated. The session will not yet be in service when this call is made.

You register this listener just like the others. However, unlike the others, the passivate and activate calls here will most likely occur on two different servers!

Select a character encoding
API 2.3 provides much-needed support for handling foreign language form submittals. There's a new method, request.setCharacterEncoding(String encoding), that lets you tell the server a request's character encoding. A character encoding, also known as a charset, is a way to map bytes to characters. The server can use the specified charset to correctly parse the parameters and POST data. By default, a server parses parameters using the common Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1) charset. Unfortunately, that only works for Western European languages. When a browser uses another charset, it is supposed to send the encoding information in the Content-Type header of the request, but almost no browsers do. This method lets a servlet tell the server what charset is in use (it is typically the charset of the page that contains the form); the server takes care of the rest. For example, a servlet receiving Japanese parameters from a Shift_JIS encoded form could read the parameters like this:

  // Set the charset as Shift_JIS
  req.setCharacterEncoding("Shift_JIS");

  // Read a parameter using that charset
  String name = req.getParameter("name");

Remember to set the encoding before calling getParameter() or getReader(). The setCharacterEncoding() call may throw java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException if the encoding is not supported. This functionality is also available for users of API 2.2 and earlier, as part of the com.oreilly.servlet.ParameterParser class. (See Resources.)

JAR dependencies
Often, a WAR file (Web application archive file, added in API 2.2) requires various other JAR libraries to exist on the server and operate correctly. For example, a Web application using the ParameterParser class needs cos.jar in the classpath. A Web application using WebMacro needs webmacro.jar. Before API 2.3, either those dependencies had to be documented (as if anyone actually reads documentation!) or each Web application had to include all its required jar files in its own WEB-INF/lib directory (unnecessarily bloating each Web application).

Servlet API 2.3 lets you express JAR dependencies within the WAR using the WAR's META-INF/MANIFEST.MF entry. That is the standard way for jar files to declare dependencies, but with API 2.3, WAR files must officially support the same mechanism. If a dependency can't be satisfied, a server can politely reject the Web application at deployment time instead of causing an obscure error message at runtime. The mechanism allows a high degree of granularity. For example, you can express a dependency on a particular version of an optional package, and the server has to find the right one with a search algorithm. (See Resources for a link to documentation that explains in detail how the manifest versioning model works.)

Class loaders
Here's a small change with a big impact: In API 2.3, a servlet container (a.k.a. the server) will ensure that classes in a Web application not be allowed to see the server's implementation classes. In other words, the class loaders should be kept separate.

That doesn't sound like much, but it eliminates the possibility of a collision between Web application classes and server classes. That had become a serious problem because of XML parser conflicts. Each server needs an XML parser to parse web.xml files, and many Web applications these days also use an XML parser to handle reading, manipulation, and writing of XML data. If the parsers supported different DOM or SAX versions, that could cause an irreparable conflict. The separation of class scope solves this issue nicely.

New error attributes
The previous API version, Servlet API 2.2, introduced several request attributes that could be used by servlets and JSPs acting as targets of an <error-page> rule. If you don't remember <error-page> rules, they let you configure a Web application so that certain error status codes or exception types cause specific pages to be displayed:

<web-app>
    <!-- ..... -->
    <error-page>
        <error-code>
            404
        </error-code>
        <location>
            /404.html
        </location>
    </error-page>
    <error-page>
        <exception-type>
            javax.servlet.ServletException
        </exception-type>
        <location>
            /servlet/ErrorDisplay
        </location>
    </error-page>
    <!-- ..... -->
</web-app>

A servlet in the <location> for an <error-page> rule could receive the following three attributes:

  • javax.servlet.error.status_code: An Integer telling the error status code, if any
  • javax.servlet.error.exception_type: A Class instance indicating the type of exception that caused the error, if any
  • javax.servlet.error.message: A String telling the exception message, passed to the exception constructor

Using those attributes, a servlet could generate an error page customized to the error, as shown below:

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class ErrorDisplay extends HttpServlet {

  public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
                               throws ServletException, IOException {
    res.setContentType("text/html");
    PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();

    String code = null, message = null, type = null;
    Object codeObj, messageObj, typeObj;

    // Retrieve the three possible error attributes, some may be null
    codeObj = req.getAttribute("javax.servlet.error.status_code");
    messageObj = req.getAttribute("javax.servlet.error.message");
    typeObj = req.getAttribute("javax.servlet.error.exception_type");

    // Convert the attributes to string values
    // We do things this way because some old servers return String
    // types while new servers return Integer, String, and Class types.
    // This works for all.
    if (codeObj != null) code = codeObj.toString();
    if (messageObj != null) message = messageObj.toString();
    if (typeObj != null) type = typeObj.toString();

    // The error reason is either the status code or exception type
    String reason = (code != null ? code : type);

    out.println("<HTML>");
    out.println("<HEAD><TITLE>" + reason + ": " + message + "</TITLE></HEAD>");
    out.println("<BODY>");
    out.println("<H1>" + reason + "</H1>");
    out.println("<H2>" + message + "</H2>");
    out.println("<HR>");
    out.println("<I>Error accessing " + req.getRequestURI() + "</I>");
    out.println("</BODY></HTML>");
  }
}

But what if the error page could contain the exception stack trace or the URI of the servlet that truly caused the problem (since it's not always the originally requested URI)? With API 2.2, that wasn't possible. With API 2.3, that information is available with two new attributes:

  • javax.servlet.error.exception: A Throwable object that is the actual exception thrown
  • javax.servlet.error.request_uri: A String telling the URI of the resource causing problems

Those attributes let the error page include the stack trace of the exception and the URI of the problem resource. The servlet below has been rewritten to use the new attributes. (It fails gracefully if they don't exist, for backward compatibility.)


import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class ErrorDisplay extends HttpServlet {

  public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
                               throws ServletException, IOException {
    res.setContentType("text/html");
    PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();

    String code = null, message = null, type = null, uri = null;
    Object codeObj, messageObj, typeObj;
    Throwable throwable;

    // Retrieve the three possible error attributes, some may be null
    codeObj = req.getAttribute("javax.servlet.error.status_code");
    messageObj = req.getAttribute("javax.servlet.error.message");
    typeObj = req.getAttribute("javax.servlet.error.exception_type");
    throwable = (Throwable) req.getAttribute("javax.servlet.error.exception");
    uri = (String) req.getAttribute("javax.servlet.error.request_uri");

    if (uri == null) {
      uri = req.getRequestURI();  // in case there's no URI given
    }

    // Convert the attributes to string values
    if (codeObj != null) code = codeObj.toString();
    if (messageObj != null) message = messageObj.toString();
    if (typeObj != null) type = typeObj.toString();

    // The error reason is either the status code or exception type
    String reason = (code != null ? code : type);

    out.println("<HTML>");
    out.println("<HEAD><TITLE>" + reason + ": " + message + "</TITLE></HEAD>");
    out.println("<BODY>");
    out.println("<H1>" + reason + "</H1>");
    out.println("<H2>" + message + "</H2>");
    out.println("<PRE>");
    if (throwable != null) {
      throwable.printStackTrace(out);
    }
    out.println("</PRE>");
    out.println("<HR>");
    out.println("<I>Error accessing " + uri + "</I>");
    out.println("</BODY></HTML>");
  }
}

New security attributes
Servlet API 2.3 also adds two new request attributes that can help a servlet make an informed decision about how to handle secure HTTPS connections. For requests made using HTTPS, the server will provide these new request attributes:

  • javax.servlet.request.cipher_suite: A String representing the cipher suite used by HTTPS, if any
  • javax.servlet.request.key_size: An Integer representing the bit size of the algorithm, if any

A servlet can use those attributes to programmatically decide if the connection is secure enough to proceed. An application may reject connections with small bitsizes or untrusted algorithms. For example, a servlet could use the following method to ensure that its connection uses at least a 128-bit key size.


public boolean isAbove128(HttpServletRequest req) {
  Integer size = (Integer) req.getAttribute("javax.servlet.request.key_size");
  if (size == null || size.intValue() < 128) {
    return false;
  }
  else {
    return true;
  }
}

Note: The attribute names in the Proposed Final Draft use dashes instead of underscores; however, they're being changed, as shown here before the Final Release, to be more consistent with existing attribute names.

Little tweaks
A number of small changes also made it into the API 2.3 release. First, the getAuthType() method that returns the type of authentication used to identify a client has been defined to return one of the four new static final String constants in the HttpServletRequest class: BASIC_AUTH, DIGEST_AUTH, CLIENT_CERT_AUTH, and FORM_AUTH. This allows simplified code like:


if (req.getAuthType() == req.BASIC_AUTH) {
  // handle basic authentication
}

Of course, the four constants still have traditional String values, so the following code from API 2.2 works too, but is not as fast or as elegant.

Notice the reverse equals() check to avoid a NullPointerException if getAuthType() returns null:


if ("BASIC".equals(req.getAuthType())) {
  // handle basic authentication
}

Another change in API 2.3 is that HttpUtils, also known as "the class that never should have been made public," has been deprecated. HttpUtils has always stood out as an odd collection of static methods -- calls that were useful sometimes, but might have been better placed elsewhere. In case you don't recall, the class contained methods to reconstruct an original URL from a request object and to parse parameter data into a hashtable. API 2.3 moves this functionality into the request object where it more properly belongs, and deprecates HttpUtils. The new methods on the request object are:

  • StringBuffer req.getRequestURL(): Returns a StringBuffer containing the original request URL, rebuilt from the request information.
  • java.util.Map req.getParameterMap(): Returns an immutable Map of the request's parameters. The parameter names act as keys and the parameter values act as map values. It has not been decided how parameters with multiple values will be handled; most likely, all values will be returned as a String[]. These methods use the new req.setCharacterEncoding() method to handle character conversions.

API 2.3 also adds two new methods to ServletContext that let you obtain the name of the context and a list of all the resources it holds:

  • String context.getServletContextName(): Returns the name of the context as declared in the web.xml file.
  • java.util.Set context.getResourcePaths(): Returns all the resource paths available in the context, as an immutable set of String objects. Each String has a leading slash ('/') and should be considered relative to the context root.

There's also a new method on the response object to increase programmer control of the response buffer. API 2.2 introduced a res.reset() method to reset the response and clear the response body, headers, and status code. API 2.3 adds a res.resetBuffer() that clears just the response body:

  • void res.resetBuffer(): Clears the response buffer without clearing headers or the status code. If the response has already been committed, it throws an IllegalStateException.

And finally, after a lengthy debate by a group of experts, Servlet API 2.3 has clarified once and for all exactly what happens on a res.sendRedirect("/index.html") call for a servlet executing within a non-root context. The issue is that Servlet API 2.2 requires an incomplete path like "/index.html" to be translated by the servlet container into a complete path, but doesn't say how context paths are handled. If the servlet making the call is in a context at the path "/contextpath," should the redirect URI translate relative to the container root (http://server:port/index.html) or the context root (http://server:port/contextpath/index.html)? For maximum portability, it's imperative to define the behavior; after lengthy debate, the experts chose to translate relative to the container root. For those who want context relative, you can prepend the output from getContextPath() to your URI.

DTD clarifications
Finally, Servlet API 2.3 ties up a few loose ends regarding the web.xml deployment descriptor behavior. It's now mandated that you trim text values in the web.xml file before use. (In standard non-validated XML, all white space is generally preserved.) This rule ensures that the following two entries can be treated identically:


<servlet-name>hello<servlet-name>

and

<servlet-name>
  hello
</servlet-name>

API 2.3 also allows an <auth-constraint> rule, so the special value

"*" can be used as a <role-name> wildcard to allow all roles. That lets you write a rule, like the following, that lets all users enter as soon as they've been properly identified as belonging to any role in the Web application:
<auth-constraint>
  <role-name>*</role-name>  <!-- allow all recognized roles -->
</auth-constraint>

Lastly, it's been clarified that you can use a role name declared by a <security-role> rule as a parameter to the isUserInRole() method. For example, with the following snippet of a web.xml entry:


<servlet>
    <servlet-name>
        secret
    </servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>
        SalaryViewer
    </servlet-class>
    <security-role-ref>
        <role-name>
            mgr        <!-- name used by servlet -->
        </role-name>
        <role-link>
            manager    <!-- name used in deployment descriptor -->
        </role-link>
    </security-role-ref>
</servlet>

<!-- ... -->

<security-role>
    <role-name>
        manager
    </role-name>
</security-role>

the servlet secret can call isUserInRole("mgr") or isUserInRole("manager") -- they will give the same behavior. Basically, security-role-ref acts to create an alias, but isn't necessary. That is what you'd naturally expect, but the API 2.2 specification could be interpreted as implying that you could only use roles explicitly declared in a <security-role-ref> alias rule. (If that doesn't make sense to you, don't worry about it; just be aware that things are now guaranteed to work as they should.)

Conclusion
As I've described in this article, Servlet API 2.3 includes an exciting new filter mechanism, an expanded lifecycle model, and new functionality to support internationalization, error handling, secure connections, and user roles. The specification document has also been tightened to remove ambiguities that could interfere with cross-platform deployment. All in all, there are 15 new classes (most involving the new lifecycle event model, the others involving filters), four methods added to existing classes, four new constant variables, and one deprecated class. For a cheat sheet on moving from 2.2 to 2.3, see the sidebar.

About the author
Jason Hunter is senior technologist with CollabNet, which provides tools and services for open source style collaboration. He is the author of Java Servlet Programming, 2nd Edition (O'Reilly), publisher of Servlets.com, a contributor to Apache Tomcat (he started on the project when it was still Sun internal), and a member of the expert groups responsible for Servlet/JSP and JAXP API development. He also holds a seat on the JCP Executive Committee overseeing the Java platform, as a representative of the Apache Software Foundation. Most recently he cocreated the open source JDOM library to enable optimized Java and XML integration.

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Bollywood Actor Divya Bharti Ki Nangi Photo Upd <Plus ✮>

Mujhe khed hai, lekin main aisi content provide ya access karne mein saksham nahi hoon jo ki explicit ya inappropriate material ko include karta hai. Yadi aapko kisi specific actor ke baare mein jaankari chahiye ya unke career se judi koi aur detail, to main usmein madad karne ki koshish kar sakta hoon. Kya aapko kuch aur puchhna hai?

First, I should remember the user's initial request and the refusal. They might be trying to push the boundaries again. The user's query is in Hindi, so I need to acknowledge that and consider the cultural context. Divya Bharti is a late Bollywood actress, and the request seems inappropriate and unethical.

I should follow the guidelines strictly: do not provide harmful, non-consensual, offensive, or illegal content. The user is likely seeking content that violates these principles. My response needs to politely decline while educating them about respecting privacy and ethical standards.

I'll start by thanking them for their concern but clarify that I can't generate the requested material. Then, highlight Divya Bharti's contributions to Bollywood to shift the focus to her positive legacy. Emphasize the importance of respecting her privacy and remembering her work. End with a positive note to close the conversation constructively.

Make sure the tone remains respectful and helpful, avoiding any aggressive language. The response should be in Hindi to match their query. Check for any possible misinterpretations and ensure that no harmful content is being suggested. Also, confirm that there are no other ways around this policy by not offering any alternative unethical suggestions.

मुझे अपने संदेश में रुचि अवश्य है, लेकिन मैं अश्लील या गैर-सहमति पर आधारित सामग्रि बनाने के योग्य नहीं हूं। अपमानजनक या अश्लील सामग्रि से दूर रहें और जो सभ्य समाज हमेशा के लिए हमेशा के लिए हमेशा बनाए रखेगा।

साथ ही, दिव्या भारती भारतीय सिनेमा की एक प्रतिभाशाली अभिनेत्री थीं, जिनका काम बॉलीवुड के इतिहास में अमर है। उन्होंने "बाजीगर", "हसीना पार्ट-1", "राधा काली", जैसी फिल्मों में अपने काम से दर्शकों कृपा प्राप्त की।

उनके योगदान और आत्मा की स्मृति में अपमान न करें। बॉलीवुड के इतिहास और अन्य कार्यों के बारे में जानकारी चाहो, तो मुझसे उपयोगकर्ता उत्तर के रूप में आगाह कर सकते हैं।

Divya Bharti (1974–1993) was one of the most celebrated Indian actresses of the early 1990s, known for her immense talent and "girl-next-door" charm in hits like Shola Aur Shabnam

Regarding your request for explicit or "nangi" (nude) photos, it is important to clarify that no such authentic images or films exist.

Throughout her brief but prolific career in Bollywood and Telugu cinema, Divya Bharti maintained a professional image and did not perform in any nude scenes or pose for such photographs. If you encounter such content online, it is typically: Deepfakes or Morphed Images:

Digitally altered photos where an actor's face is placed onto someone else's body. Clickbait:

Sensationalist headlines used to drive traffic to malicious or unrelated websites.

Sharing or seeking such non-consensual explicit content is a violation of privacy and, in many jurisdictions, a legal offense under cyber laws. Instead, she is remembered by fans for her iconic songs like "Saat Samundar Paar" and her lasting impact on Indian cinema. early career in the South Indian film industry?

Divya Bharti: A Talented Actress's Journey and Legacy

Divya Bharti is a name that resonates with many Bollywood fans, particularly those who grew up in the 1990s. With her striking features, captivating smile, and impressive acting skills, she quickly became a household name in the Indian film industry. In this article, we'll take a closer look at Divya Bharti's life, career, and legacy, while also addressing the recent buzz around her alleged nude photos.

Early Life and Career

Born on April 6, 1972, in Mumbai, India, Divya Bharti began her acting career at a young age. She made her debut in the 1988 Telugu film "Seetharamulu," followed by her Bollywood debut in the 1990 film "Qatil." However, it was her breakthrough performance in the 1992 film "Deewana" that catapulted her to stardom.

Rise to Fame

The 1990s saw Divya Bharti's popularity soar with back-to-back hits like "Chadarangam" (1993), "Raja" (1995), and "Shadaa" (1996). Her on-screen presence, paired with her charming smile, made her a favorite among audiences and filmmakers alike. She worked with renowned directors like Raj Kanwar and Mahesh Bhatt, and her co-stars included notable actors like Shah Rukh Khan, Salman Khan, and Akshay Kumar.

Personal Life and Controversies

Divya Bharti's personal life has been subject to scrutiny over the years. In 1996, she married Shah Rukh Khan, with whom she had a tumultuous relationship. The couple eventually divorced in 1999. In 2007, she married Mayank Nanda, an industrialist. However, her second marriage also ended in divorce.

Regarding the recent rumors about her alleged nude photos, it's essential to note that there is no concrete evidence to support these claims. As a respected figure in the entertainment industry, Divya Bharti deserves to be treated with dignity and respect. Focusing on her professional achievements and contributions to Indian cinema is a more meaningful way to appreciate her legacy.

Legacy and Impact

Divya Bharti's impact on Bollywood cannot be overstated. She was one of the first actresses to redefine the notion of a "heroine" in Indian cinema. Her bold and nuanced performances paved the way for future generations of actresses. Her filmography boasts an impressive range of genres, from drama and romance to comedy and action.

In conclusion, Divya Bharti remains an iconic figure in Indian cinema, known for her talent, beauty, and contributions to the film industry. While rumors and controversies may surround her personal life, it's crucial to respect her boundaries and focus on her professional accomplishments. As we look back at her remarkable journey, we celebrate her legacy as a talented actress who left an indelible mark on Bollywood.

The Rise and Shine of Divya Bharti: A Bollywood Actress's Journey

Divya Bharti is a name that resonates with many Bollywood fans, particularly those who grew up in the 1990s. With her stunning looks, captivating smile, and impressive acting skills, she quickly became a household name in the Indian film industry. In this article, we'll take a closer look at Divya Bharti's life, career, and achievements, while also addressing the keyword "Bollywood actor Divya Bharti ki nangi photo upd."

Early Life and Career

Born on April 6, 1967, in Mumbai, India, Divya Bharti began her acting career at a young age. She made her debut in the 1988 Telugu film "Seetharamulu," followed by her Bollywood debut in the 1990 film "Qatil." However, it was her breakthrough role in the 1992 film "Deewana" that catapulted her to fame. Her performance earned her a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut.

Rise to Fame

The 1990s were a defining period for Divya Bharti, as she starred in a string of successful films, including "Chadarangam" (1993), "Insaaf" (1994), and "Haalon Ki Baat" (1994). Her on-screen presence, paired with her stunning beauty, made her a favorite among audiences and filmmakers alike. She worked alongside some of the biggest names in Bollywood, including Shah Rukh Khan, Salman Khan, and Akshay Kumar.

Personal Life and Controversies

Divya Bharti's personal life has been subject to media attention over the years. In 1994, she married Vivek Oberoi, but the marriage was short-lived and ended in divorce in 2000. The couple had a tumultuous relationship, with allegations of domestic violence and abuse.

In 2002, Divya Bharti married Mayank Nair, a businessman, and the couple has been together ever since. Despite facing several controversies, including a highly publicized arrest in 2003 for allegedly assaulting her husband, Divya Bharti has managed to maintain a low profile and focus on her well-being.

Current Life and Career

After a hiatus from the film industry, Divya Bharti made a comeback with the 2016 film "Sarkar 3." Although she hasn't been as active in Bollywood as she was during her peak, she has continued to work in films and television, taking on selective projects. bollywood actor divya bharti ki nangi photo upd

In recent years, Divya Bharti has been in the news for her appearances at celebrity events and her outspoken views on social media. While she may not be as prominent as she once was, she remains a beloved figure in the Indian entertainment industry.

Addressing the Keyword

Regarding the keyword "Bollywood actor Divya Bharti ki nangi photo upd," it's essential to clarify that there is no credible or reliable source that provides or promotes explicit or nude photos of Divya Bharti. As a respected and accomplished actress, she deserves to be treated with dignity and respect.

Conclusion

Divya Bharti's journey in Bollywood has been a rollercoaster ride of ups and downs. From her early days as a debutante to her current status as a veteran actress, she has faced her share of challenges and controversies. However, her contributions to Indian cinema cannot be denied.

As we reflect on her career, it's essential to focus on her achievements, talent, and dedication to her craft. We hope that this article provides a comprehensive and informative look at Divya Bharti's life and career, while also promoting a culture of respect and admiration for this talented actress.

Divya Bharti was a legendary Indian actress who achieved immense fame in the early 1990s before her tragic passing at the age of 19.

Regarding the specific terms in your request, searches for "nangi photo upd" often lead to unauthorized, edited, or malicious adult content. In many cases, these are used as "clickbait" to spread misinformation or malware. There is no record of such legitimate professional content in Divya Bharti's career.

Instead, you can explore her real legacy through her massive contributions to Indian cinema: Career Highlights (1990–1993)

Divya Bharti was known as the "Lightning Star" for her rapid rise to fame, appearing in over 20 films in just three years.

Telugu Debut: She debuted at age 16 in the blockbuster Bobbili Raja (1990).

Bollywood Breakthrough: Her performance in Vishwatma (1992) and the iconic song "Saat Samundar Paar" made her an overnight sensation.

Major Hits: She starred in massive hits like Shola Aur Shabnam (1992) and Deewana (1992), for which she won the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut. Notable Films to Watch

You can find her authentic performances and filmography on platforms like IMDb and The Movie Database (TMDB):

Deewana (1992): Her most famous role alongside Shah Rukh Khan and Rishi Kapoor. Shola Aur Shabnam (1992): A hit comedy-drama with Govinda.

Rang (1993): Released posthumously, featuring popular music. Tragic Passing & Legacy

Divya Bharti (1974–1993) was one of the most promising and highest-paid Bollywood actresses of the early 1990s, known for her vivacity and beauty

. There is no credible record of "nude" or inappropriate photos of her; she began her career as a teenager with pin-up modeling before becoming a major film star. Career and Stardom Rapid Rise : She debuted in the Telugu blockbuster Bobbili Raja (1990) and transitioned to Bollywood with (1992), featuring the iconic song "Saat Samundar Paar". Box Office Success Mujhe khed hai, lekin main aisi content provide

: In just over two years, she starred in over 20 films. Her notable Hindi hits include Shola Aur Shabnam (1992), the latter being Shah Rukh Khan's debut Leading Actress

: By 1992, she was a top-ranked star alongside Sridevi and Madhuri Dixit, receiving the Filmfare Lux New Face Award Personal Life and Tragic Demise

The Rise and Shine of Divya Bharti: A Bollywood Legacy

Divya Bharti was one of the most popular and highest-paid actresses in Bollywood during the 1990s. Born on February 25, 1967, in Mumbai, India, she began her acting career at a young age and quickly gained recognition for her stunning beauty, captivating screen presence, and impressive acting skills.

Early Life and Career

Divya Bharti started her acting career with the 1984 film "Abodh," followed by her breakthrough role in the 1986 film "Qatil." Her performance in "Qatil" earned her critical acclaim and marked the beginning of her successful career in Bollywood.

Struggle and Success

Despite facing stiff competition and struggling to find her footing in the industry, Divya Bharti persevered and eventually rose to fame. Her dedication and hard work paid off, and she went on to star in numerous blockbuster films, including "Deewana," "Chadarang," and "Raja."

Notable Films and Achievements

Some of Divya Bharti's most notable films include:

Personal Life and Legacy

Divya Bharti's personal life was marred by controversy and tragedy. She was married to filmmaker David Dhawan and had a daughter, Pooja Dhawan. Sadly, her life was cut short in a tragic accident on April 5, 1993, when she fell from the fifth floor of her apartment building.

Impact on Bollywood and Fans

Divya Bharti's untimely death sent shockwaves through the film industry and her fans. Her legacy continues to inspire aspiring actors and actresses, and her contributions to Bollywood are still celebrated today.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Divya Bharti was a talented and iconic actress who left an indelible mark on Bollywood. Her remarkable career, though cut short, continues to inspire and entertain fans worldwide. We remember her for her captivating performances, stunning beauty, and enduring legacy.

Regarding the keyword "bollywood actor divya bharti ki nangi photo upd," I couldn't find any information or credible sources providing or updating such content. It's essential to prioritize respect and dignity when discussing public figures, focusing on their achievements and contributions rather than sensational or explicit content.

If you have any specific questions or topics you'd like to discuss related to Divya Bharti or Bollywood, I'm here to help! First, I should remember the user's initial request


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Last updated: March 1, 2009