If you see 0xFF repeated for an entire 64KB block, that sector was marked as "dirty" in the 6531e's FTL. The file is still valid, but that section contains no data.
Due to the lack of standard USB debugging interfaces, data recovery often requires ISP (In-System Programming) or Chip-Off: 6531e w25q32bv flash file
# Read existing flash to file
flashrom -p ch341a_spi -r 6531e_backup.bin
A typical scenario:
If you want to change a configuration byte (e.g., USB PID) and reflash: If you see 0xFF repeated for an entire
Do not write the entire 4MB file if you only changed 1 byte. The W25Q32BV has a limited erase cycle (100,000 cycles), but that's fine. The real risk is partial programming—writing a sector without erasing it first will result in corrupted data. Do not write the entire 4MB file if you only changed 1 byte
A flash file for the W25Q32BV is not a standard .exe or .zip file. It is a raw binary image—exactly 4,194,304 bytes in size (4 MB). It contains everything the device needs to start, from the low-level bootloader to the operating system kernel and user interface graphics.